SSH is a service that allows one to make an encrypted TCP connection to a remote machine. To make use of ssh, one must have a program (called a "secure shell client") that uses the secure shell service to connect to a program running on a remote machine (the "secure shell server").

This is a list of some of the programs available by function. There are many
more. Commands are either executable files in the directories specified by the
value of your PATH environment variable or built in commands defined by your
shell (see the manual page on your shell).

Mail:
        mail - Berkeley mail reader, very basic
	mutt - Powerful mail user agent (NMIA's recommendation)
        elm  - a nice mail reader
        pine - a very nice mail reader *Not to be used with oversized spools)

News readers:
        tin  - probably the easiest to use
        trn  - threaded news reader
        strn - complex news reader with scoring

Infosystems:
        lynx    - http client (browse documents on http/ftp/gopher/etc sites)
        gopher  - gopher client (browse documents on gopher servers)
        archie  - archie client (search for files on ftp sites)
        define  - webster client (look up a words on a remote webster site)
        weather - local weather

FTP clients:
        ftp   - transfers files over a network
        ncftp - a fancy version of ftp
        sftp  - securely transfers files over a network
        
Editors:
        vi    - the standard unix editor, small, efficient
        pico  - a user friendly editor
        jove  - a small emacs-like editor
        joe   - feel of a `user-friendly PC editor'
        ed    - the most user-unfriendly editor ever written    

  Most programs that use editors (mail/news readers) will use the editor
  specified by the EDITOR environment variable.


File manipulation:
        cp    - copies files
        mv    - moves files/directories
        cat   - concatenates files
        rm    - removes files/directories
        mkdir - makes directories
        chmod - changes file/directory permissions
        ln    - makes symbolic links

Job control:
        ps    - lists your processes
        kill  - kills (send a signal to) processes
        jobs  - lists your background jobs
        fg    - puts a job in the foreground
        nohup - runs a program with hangup signals ignored

File information:
        ls      - lists files/directories
        du      - displays disk usage
        strings - finds strings in a binary file
        file    - guesses the type of file
        find    - searches for files

Compression/decompression:
        gzip/gunzip         - for 'z' files
        compress/uncompress - for 'Z' files
        zip/unzip           - for 'zip' files

Archiving:
        tar

Pagers:
        more - view a file one page at a time
        less -

Downloading/Uploading:
        rz     - Z modem protocol
        sz     - Z modem protocol
        kermit - kermit protocol

Shells:
        bash - sh the GNU way
        tcsh - enhanced c shell

Text processing:
        awk    - a programming language for operating on files line by line
        sed    - stream editor
        grep   - search files for regular expressions
        cut    - display parts of each line of a file
        tail   - display the tail of a file
        head   - display the head of a file
        cat    - concatenate files
        sort   - sort lines of a file
        column - columnate lists

Misc:
        cd       - change your current working directory
        date     - print the date 
        ssh      - used to connect to remote sites
        talk     - for conducting a conversation with a particular user
        tf       - the TinyFugue MUD client
        irc      - IRC client
        finger   - list basic information about a user or users at a site
        passwd   - change your password
        chsh     - change your login shell
        chfn     - change the information that appears when someone fingers you
        man      - browse manual pages
        uuencode - encode files for transmission via news/mail
        uudecode - decode uuencoded files
        uuxfer   - uuencode with a curses interface
        fortune  - prints a humorous message (nice for .profile)
        yow      - prints a ZIPPY message (nice for .profile)

The manual page for bash is very long and can be confusing. Here are some 
examples of some of the basic features. For a complete description of the 
bash shell see `man bash'. 

Home directories:

        ls -al ~
        echo ~

  In general ~ refers to your home directory.

Redirection:
        
        w > ~/w.out
        ls -al /usr/bin > ~/ls.bin.out

  You can use `>' to redirect the output of commands to a file. Note that
  `>' will write over the destination file if it exists. To simply append
  to a file, use `>>'.

Command history:

        echo !!
        history
        echo !2

  You can refer to previous commands using `!n' where `n' is the number
  of the command in your history list. You can repeat the previous command
  with the command `!!'. You can see your history list with `history'.


Command line editing:

        ^p      -move backwards through your history list
        ^n      -move forwards through your history list
        ^f      -forward a character on the current line
        ^b      -backward a character on the current line
        ^d      -delete the current character
        ^k      -kill from point to the end of the line
        ^a      -move point to the beginning of a line
  
  Note that `^p', for example, is the character generated when you press the
  `Ctrl' key and the `p' key simultaneously.

Pipes:

        ls /usr/bin | more
        ls /usr/bin | grep g | more
        ps -aux | grep root

  The pipe operator `|' connects the standard output of the command on the
  left to the standard input of the command on the right.

Background jobs:

  Compare:
        sleep 5; echo foo
  to
        sleep 5; echo foo &

  An ampersand following a command causes the shell to run the command
  in the background, allowing you to do other things while the command is
  running.


Variables:

        FOO=bar
        echo $FOO
        env

Aliases:

        alias foo='ls /usr/bin | more'
        foo

Starting up:

  When your shell starts up, the file ~/.profile is read and the commands
  in it are executed. Your profile file is a good place to put aliases.

The   vi   Editor

I       Introduction

Vi  is useful for creating new text, revising an existing text, and
appending text to an existing file.  Although there are many
commands available in vi, you will be introduced only to the
commands for entering and exiting vi, moving the cursor, and
inserting and deleting text.  You must refer to a Unix manual for
other commands.

II      The two modes of vi

The vi text editor has two distinct modes of operation, the edit
mode and command mode.  
        The edit mode is the mode in which you type text.  Each
character appears on the screen as you type it.

        In the command mode, it is impossible to type text.  The
command mode allows you to move the cursor around the text and to
perform functions, such as deleting text and saving the file.

III     Entering the vi text editor

 To create a new document in vi , simply type,  vi  "file name".  This
command will display the vi editor screen accompanied by the name
of the new document  followed by the statement, "[New file]".

EXAMPLE:

% vi practice 

In this example, the new file "practice" is created. 


The screen will look like this after opening a new file entitled,
"practice".
=============================================================
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
"practice" [New File]
=============================================================

IV      The Edit Mode

Once in vi, you are placed in the command mode.  You cannot enter
text in this mode.  If you try, the error bell rings and the letters you
try to type will not appear on the screen.  This is because ordinary
letters are interpreted as commands. 

 You must enter the edit  mode to type text. 

To do so, use one of the following commands. The vi text editor is
case sensitive, which means the same letters in upper and lower
case have different command responses. 

The letters a, A, i, I, o, and O  place vi  into edit mode.

        * the a command moves the cursor to the right one space

        * the A command moves cursor to the end of the current line

        * the i command inserts text in front of the cursor

        * the I command moves cursor to beginning of the current line.                    


To correct mistakes while in the edit mode, use the backspace key to
correct errors in  the current line you are typing.  As you backspace
to correct the mistake, characters remain on the screen although
they are erased in the computer's memory.  This looks confusing but
donŐt be worried by it.  To correct mistakes in lines other then the
current line, you must first enter the vi command mode.  This will
allow you to move the cursor to the line you want to edit (see
section VI.)

V       Leaving the Edit Mode and Moving the Cursor

To return to the command mode simply press the ESC key.  (Hint: if
you are not sure which mode you are currently in, press the ESC
anyway.  If you were already in command mode, you will stay in the
command mode.)  In the command mode, it is possible to move the
cursor up, down, left or, right by using the arrow keys on the
keyboard.  However, no matter what type of keyboard you have, it is
possible to use the vi commands, h, j, k, and l, all in lowercase, to
control the cursor.  
These commands move the cursor as follows:

        * the j command moves the cursor up one line

        * the k command moves the cursor down one line

        * the h command moves the cursor backwards on a line, similar
        to the backspace key

        * the l command moves the cursor forward on a line, similar to
        the spacebar.

If you want to insert text, simply move the cursor to the desired
area, while in the command mode,  return to edit mode and type the
text.


VI      Deleting Text

It is only possible to delete text  while in command mode. (See
section VI for entering command mode.)

        *the dw command deletes the word the cursor is on.

        *the dt command deletes everything from the cursor to the
next period on the current line.  This is a good way to delete words
to the end of the sentence without deleting the period.  

        *the d(  command deletes everything from the cursor to the
beginning of the next sentence.  After moving the cursor to the
beginning of a sentence, you can use this command to quickly delete
that sentence.

        *the dG command  deletes everything from the cursor to the
end of the file



VII     Editing an Existing File

It is also possible to edit an existing file. In this case,  enter by 
typing vi followed by the name of the file to be edited.

EXAMPLE:

% vi "letter"

In this case the user entered  vi  and opened an existing file entitled,
"letter".  The text of the file requested appears on the screen.  At
the bottom of the screen the file name, # of lines in the text, and #
of characters in the text  appear.

EXAMPLE:
=============================================================
To whom it may concern,
I am interested in signing up for the data communication class that
the school of design is offering in the fall.  I am a student of the
colleges and need this class to fulfill my major.  If you could send
me the application form, I would greatly appreciate it.  It would be
best to send the form to me through the internet in a email message. 
My address is as follows

Jack Straw
576 St. Paul Blvd.
New York, NY 10021
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~"letter"  10 lines, 387 characters
=============================================================

VII     Saving Your Work and Exiting the vi Text Editor

To save your text, first enter the command mode.  Once in command
mode, it is possible to save and exit, or to exit without saving.  The
command sequence is as follows

 :w     saves your text

 :q     quits vi 
       
 :wq    saves and quits vi 

These commands are examples of what are called last line
commands.  When they are used, the cursor moves to the bottom of
the page.  Your commands and the systems response are displayed
there.


IX      Conclusion

There are many other commands for the vi editor.  Entire books have
been written explaining the use of vi commands.  The purpose of this
brief guide is to introduce you to enough basic vi commands for you
to do useful work.  To learn about more advanced features, refer to a
Unix manual or a book on vi.

To add a page counter, simply add a line to your html file of the form:

For example, the following:

Overview